Subjects

Study 84 named chapters across 28 subjects. Each chapter includes five multiple choice questions with answers and explanations.

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Independent study material based on the supplied University of Peshawar BS Geology curriculum for session 2004–05 onward. The chapter names, teaching explanations and questions are newly authored. This is a historical topic framework and is not a current official syllabus or an accredited degree.

How cooling, weathering, burial, metamorphism and melting connect Earth materials. Original Geology Hub teaching diagram.

Year 1 · 111 Fundamentals of Geology

1. Minerals Crystal Symmetry and Identification

   Learn mineral properties, crystal symmetry and identification through evidence, with a worked hand-specimen exercise for beginning geology students.

2. Magma Crystallization Igneous Textures and Volcanoes

   Understand magma crystallization, igneous textures, rock classification and eruption styles through a practical cooling-history interpretation.

3. Weathering Sedimentary Evidence Metamorphism and Resources

   Explore weathering, soil, slope movement, sedimentary evidence, fossils, metamorphism and mineral resources through a linked rock-history exercise.

Year 1 · 112 Geological Processes

4. Earth Formation Geological Time and Plate Tectonics

   Connect Earth formation, geological time, relative dating, interior structure and plate boundaries with a worked geological-history exercise.

5. Streams Groundwater Glaciers Deserts and Coasts

   Study streams, groundwater, glaciers, deserts and shorelines through transport processes, landforms and a worked groundwater-gradient calculation.

6. Earthquakes Rock Deformation and Geological Maps

   Learn seismic waves, magnitude, intensity, folds, faults, strike, dip and map profiles with a worked earthquake-distance and contour exercise.

Year 1 · 113 Physics

7. Vectors Kinematics Gravity and Force Balance

   Apply vector components, Newton’s laws, gravity and equilibrium to a worked slope-force problem and geological measurements with clear units.

8. Mechanical Energy Elasticity Rotation and Fluid Pressure

   Learn work, energy, torque, stress, strain, pressure and fluid flow with a worked hydrostatic-pressure example and practical interpretation checks.

9. Waves Sound Refraction and Geological Optics

   Explain wave speed, interference, resonance, refraction and polarization with a worked Snell’s-law example and a geology-focused measurement plan.

Year 1 · 114 Chemistry

10. Atomic Structure Chemical Bonding and Earth Materials

    Connect atomic structure, ions, chemical bonding and silicate geometry to minerals, ores, alloys and manufactured geological materials.

11. Hydrocarbons Functional Groups Fossil Fuels and Carbon

    Understand hydrocarbons and functional groups, connect molecular structure to fossil fuels, and trace carbon among geological reservoirs.

12. Moles Equilibrium Gases Liquids and Solids

    Use moles and concentration, connect Gibbs energy with equilibrium, and compare gases, liquids and solids through worked quantitative examples.

Year 1 · 115 Introduction to Computing

13. Computer Systems Files and Traceable Geological Data

    Understand hardware, software, operating systems, files and programming concepts through a reproducible field-data organization exercise.

14. Scientific Reports Spreadsheet Models and Presentations

    Build clear geological reports, checked spreadsheet calculations and evidence-based presentations using a worked density-data example.

15. GIS Graphics Accessible Figures and Source Evaluation

    Connect GIS layers, coordinates, raster and vector graphics, accessible figures and source evaluation in a reproducible geological research activity.

Year 1 · 116 English

16. Critical Reading Geological Vocabulary and Scientific Figures

    Practice skimming, scanning, inference, vocabulary analysis and figure reading using a short original geological passage and evidence questions.

17. Geological Definitions Comparisons Paragraphs and Paraphrases

    Develop clear definitions, process explanations, comparisons, summaries and paraphrases through original geology-focused writing exercises.

18. Scientific Grammar Laboratory Reports and Oral Communication

    Use precise tense, voice, conditions and comparisons to write a short geology report and deliver a clear evidence-based oral explanation.

Year 1 · 117 Mathematics & Statistics

19. Algebra Logarithms Coordinate Geometry and Geological Trigonometry

    Apply equations, logarithms, coordinate geometry and trigonometry to a worked bed-thickness problem with clearly stated geometric assumptions.

20. Limits Calculus Accumulation and Differential Equations

    Learn limits, derivatives, integrals and elementary differential equations through a worked sediment-accumulation model with explicit assumptions.

21. Distributions Statistical Summaries and Geological Sampling

    Calculate central tendency and spread, read distributions, compare sampling designs and evaluate a worked geological dataset without overgeneralizing.

Year 1 · Fieldwork I Geological Field Work

22. Field Planning Locations and Geological Notebook Records

    Prepare a safe observation plan, record locations and evidence, and distinguish field observations from interpretations using a home-based exercise.

23. Outcrop Rock Textures Bedding Fractures and Interpretations

    Classify rock features and basic structures, distinguish loose material from outcrop, and build a provisional geological interpretation safely.

24. Field Evidence Geological Maps Profiles and Reports

    Link station records, topographic context, sketches and uncertainty into a small geological map and a concise report using fictional observations.

Year 2 · 221 Structural Geology

25. Mapping Geological Planes Lines and Folds

    Learn strike, dip, geological map symbols, fold geometry and stereographic plotting through an original map interpretation exercise.

26. Strain Stress and Mohr Diagrams

    Calculate extension and normal and shear stress, distinguish strain from stress, and interpret idealized Mohr diagrams in geology.

27. Faults Fractures Fabrics and Deformation History

    Identify fault movement, joint sets, cleavage, foliation and lineation, and build a defensible relative deformation history.

Year 2 · 222 Optical Mineralogy, Crystallography and Petrography

28. Light and the Polarizing Microscope

    Understand refraction, polarization, relief, pleochroism and crossed-polars observations before identifying minerals in thin section.

29. Birefringence Extinction and Optical Figures

    Calculate optical retardation and use extinction, compensation, indicatrices and interference figures to narrow mineral identifications.

30. Crystal Symmetry Forms and Rock Textures

    Connect crystal symmetry, lattices, Miller indices and twinning to thin-section observations and igneous sedimentary and metamorphic textures.

Year 2 · 223 Invertebrate Paleontology

31. Fossil Preservation and Marine Body Plans

    Study taphonomy and the identifying features of sponges corals bryozoans and brachiopods through a fossil description exercise.

32. Molluscs Trilobites and Echinoderms

    Compare bivalves gastropods cephalopods trilobites echinoids and crinoids using shell geometry symmetry and skeletal characters.

33. Fossil Ranges Evolution and Correlation

    Use fossil range overlap graptolite colonies and assemblages to correlate strata while accounting for reworking and sampling bias.

Year 2 · 224 Stratigraphy

34. Rock Units Time Units and Stratigraphic Columns

    Distinguish formations biozones and time units and construct a measured stratigraphic column with contacts and uncertainty.

35. Pakistan Basins and the Palaeozoic Record

    Organize Pakistan regional stratigraphy using basin context Salt Range sections fossil evidence and explicit correlation confidence.

36. Mesozoic Cenozoic and Siwalik Correlation

    Study regional transgression depositional change and Siwalik sediment supply while constructing evidence-based stratigraphic interpretations.

Year 2 · 225 Environmental Geology

37. Earthquakes Volcanoes and Hazard Evidence

    Distinguish hazard exposure and vulnerability and compare earthquake and volcano monitoring through a conceptual risk assessment.

38. Rivers Flood Probability and Slope Stability

    Interpret hydrographs annual flood probability hill torrents and mass movement using transparent classroom models and safe desk activities.

39. Coasts Resources Waste and Site Appraisal

    Connect coastal sediment budgets groundwater pathways building stone and waste-site evidence in an integrated environmental geology exercise.

Year 2 · 228 Pakistan & Islamic Studies

40. Landscapes Heritage and Historical Evidence

    Explore Pakistan landscapes and cultural heritage through evidence-based timelines and a geology-related conservation study.

41. Islamic Sources Interpretation and Ethical Reasoning

    Introduce respectful academic study of Islamic sources interpretation and ethical argument with a practical evidence-integrity case.

42. Public Responsibility Water and Research Ethics

    Practise inclusive public communication and ethical reasoning about water evidence community interests and responsible geological research.

Year 2 · 227 Field Work

43. Survey Planning and Geological Field Records

    Plan a geological survey record observations and uncertainty and practise safe field documentation with an accessible desk alternative.

44. Mapping Rock Units Landforms and Structures

    Integrate rock descriptions landform observations structural measurements and contacts into a geological map with confidence levels.

45. Cross Sections Survey Quality and Field Reports

    Construct a cross-section audit survey data and write a field report that explains geological evidence and its limitations.

Year 3 · 331 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology

46. Melting Magma Migration and Differentiation

    Explain partial melting decompression volatile effects crystallization and magma differentiation with a simple compositional calculation.

47. Igneous Classification and Tectonic Associations

    Classify igneous rocks using texture and composition and compare basaltic granitic alkaline and ophiolitic associations.

48. Metamorphic Grade Facies and Material Transfer

    Interpret protolith metamorphic grade facies and mineral textures while distinguishing recrystallization from chemical mass transfer.

Year 3 · 332 Sedimentology

49. Weathering Grains and Sediment Transport

    Measure grain size sorting roundness and porosity and connect aqueous wind ice and gravity transport to sedimentary evidence.

50. Clastic Rocks Structures Facies and Diagenesis

    Describe clastic rocks sedimentary structures palaeocurrents and diagenesis and test depositional interpretations with a facies exercise.

51. Carbonates Chemical Deposits and Sedimentary Basins

    Compare carbonate grains evaporites coal ironstone phosphate and chert and connect diagenesis with basin evolution.

Year 3 · 333 Geotectonics

52. Plates Ocean Basins and Boundary Processes

    Connect continental and ocean morphology divergent convergent and transform boundaries with evidence for plate motion.

53. Relative Plate Motion Rifts and Triple Junctions

    Calculate relative plate vectors distinguish half-spreading and full spreading rates and test an idealized triple-junction model.

54. Orogens Ophiolites Seismicity and Tectonic Models

    Combine rock assemblages structures seismic waves and gravity evidence to test tectonic histories without overinterpreting one dataset.

Year 3 · 334 Economic Geology

55. Ore Deposits and Mineral Concentration

    Compare magmatic, hydrothermal and skarn deposits, and learn why a mineral occurrence is not automatically an economic orebody.

56. Sedimentary Deposits and Exploration Evidence

    Study sedimentary mineral deposits, geochemical sampling and geophysical evidence through a worked exploration example.

57. Mineral Estimates and Responsible Evaluation

    Calculate geological tonnage and contained metal while assessing uncertainty, recovery and environmental constraints.

Year 3 · 335 Micropaleontology

58. Microfossil Groups and Preservation

    Recognize foraminifers, radiolarians, ostracods and conodonts, and describe how preservation affects microfossil identification.

59. Microfossils as Environmental Evidence

    Use microfossil assemblages to reconstruct environments while testing transport, preservation and sampling alternatives.

60. Microfossil Ages and Basin Correlation

    Use fossil ranges to correlate strata and investigate basin history, reworking and possible structural repetition.

Year 3 · 336 Descriptive Mineralogy

61. Reading Phase Diagrams and Mineral Mixtures

    Read phase diagrams, apply a binary lever rule and plot ternary compositions while distinguishing components from phases.

62. Silicate Structures and Rock Forming Minerals

    Connect silicate structures with mineral groups, compositions, cleavage and thin-section evidence for identification.

63. Non Silicates and Mineral Formula Calculations

    Compare non-silicate mineral classes, calculate a simple formula and distinguish observed minerals from normative calculations.

Year 3 · 337 Field Work

64. Planning Geological Surveys and Field Records

    Plan a geological survey, choose map scale and keep traceable station records through an accessible desk-based activity.

65. Mapping Rocks Landforms and Structures

    Map rock units, landforms and structural orientations while testing alternative explanations for geological boundaries.

66. Survey Maps Sections and Geological Reports

    Turn survey observations into a geological map, cross section and report with an evidence-based history and clear limitations.

Year 4 · 441 Petroleum Geology & Petroleum Engineering

67. Petroleum Generation Migration and Trapping

    Follow petroleum generation, migration and trapping, and evaluate source, reservoir, seal and timing in a conceptual basin.

68. Reservoir Properties Logs and Correlation

    Calculate porosity and saturation, interpret well logs cautiously and distinguish true thickness from vertical thickness.

69. Petroleum Engineering and the Well Life Cycle

    Explore drilling, reservoir and production engineering concepts, natural drive mechanisms and the stages of a well life cycle.

Year 4 · 442 Geophysics

70. Seismic Waves Signals and Survey Geometry

    Compare seismic wave types and paths, understand recording geometry and distinguish useful signals from noise.

71. Seismic Travel Times and Subsurface Models

    Calculate simple seismic travel times and depths while examining velocity assumptions, resolution and interpretation uncertainty.

72. Integrated Gravity Magnetic and Electrical Exploration

    Match gravity, magnetic and electrical methods to rock properties and combine measurements to test geological models.

Year 4 · 443 Sequence Stratigraphy

73. Accommodation Sediment Supply and Sequences

    Connect accommodation and sediment supply with stacking patterns, sequence boundaries and systems-tract interpretations.

74. Seismic Terminations and Stratigraphic Interpretation

    Recognize seismic reflection terminations and test stratigraphic interpretations with well ties and basin context.

75. Integrating Facies Fossils and Basin Architecture

    Integrate outcrops, logs, microfossils and depositional architecture into a correlation with explicit age and scale limits.

Year 4 · 444 Sedimentary Depositional Systems

76. Facies and Continental Depositional Systems

    Describe facies, provenance and paleocurrents, then compare lake, desert, glacial, river and alluvial-fan systems.

77. Coastal Systems and Carbonate Platforms

    Compare deltas, estuaries, lagoons, barriers, tidal flats and shelves, including the controls on carbonate production.

78. Slope and Deepwater Depositional Systems

    Interpret slope and deepwater processes, distinguish gravity-flow deposits and test alternative facies fence diagrams.

Year 4 · 445 Structural Methods

79. Structure Contours and Thickness Maps

    Construct simple structure contours, distinguish isopach and isochore maps and calculate dip from controlled observations.

80. Fold Profiles and Orientation Analysis

    Compare fold geometry, arc and kink profiles, deformation mechanisms and stereographic representations of orientation data.

81. Balanced Sections and Deformation Fabrics

    Test balanced sections, calculate shortening and integrate faults, joints, foliation and lineation into structural interpretations.

Year 4 · 447 Thesis / Project Report

82. Designing a Focused Geological Research Project

    Develop a focused geology research question, compare hypotheses and plan feasible methods, supervision and data management.

83. Managing and Analyzing Geological Data

    Preserve raw geological data, document processing and present analyses with suitable graphs, quality checks and uncertainty.

84. Writing and Defending a Geological Thesis

    Organize a geology thesis, connect conclusions to evidence and prepare clear figures, citations and an effective oral defense.